Felony Criminal Charge Procedure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Felony Criminal Charge Procedure - Term Paper Example This essay will be focussed on the criminal procedures stages that are common among the two level of government in bringing felony suspects to justice. It will make an in-depth discussion of the process right from the initial stage of the investigation until sentence of the case is determined (Moak & Carlson, 2012). A criminal case is essentially one that an individual is accused of causing harm or destruction to the general society through one or more of his actions. They usually take two forms either misdemeanour or felony charges (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). A misdemeanour is a less serious case and thus magistrate judges handle it. Often it is punishable by a fine of less than one year imprisonment in jail. On the other hand, felonies are perceived to be more grievous cases that require more attention. They are usually handled by district judges in district courts. These crimes are punishable of incarceration in state correction centres (Champion, 1988). A felony charge is committed when an individual acts in a manner that contravenes the state or federal laws thus causing harm or destruction to the general public. A suspect of a felony charge may be arrested depending on the scenario (Moak & Carlson, 2012). First an individual can be arrested by police responding to a reported crime if he/she around the crime scene where the incidence has been reported, alternatively after a crime has been reported police will commence investigations to determine the perpetrators. In the process of piecing together the available evidence an individual may be implicated by either the fingerprints, which were found at the scene of the crime, DNA samples found at the crime scene or CCTV footage of the premise where the crime occurred. In the first scenario the suspect is arrested, the police officer responsible for the arrest signs a sworn affidavit and complaint sheet that

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay Have you ever thought about if the person sitting next to you is a murderer? If he is, what would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the death penalty! Murderers and other major offenders should be punished for the crimes they have committed and should pay the price for what they have done. Having the death penalty in our society is humane. It helps with overcrowding and gives relief to the families of the victims, who had to go through an event such as murder. You may not see it as that big of a deal, but the families of the victims of these criminals have to live every day knowing that while their family member is dead, this criminal is still well and living. Usually people just want to look past this problem because they are not in the position of the families of the murder victims, but you need to look at it through the eyes of these families. Until we stop just letting these things slide, they will continue to happen. The death penalty has been around since the time of Jesus Christ. Executions have been recorded from the 1600s to present times. From about 1620, the executions by year increased in the US. It has been a steady increase up until the 1930s; later the death penalty dropped to zero in the 1970s and then again rose steadily. US citizens said that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was believed that it was cruel and unusual punishment (Amnesty International). In the 1970s, the executions by year dropped between zero and one then started to rise again in the 1980s. In the year 2000, there were nearly one hundred executions in the US. On June 29, 1972, the death penalty was suspended because the existing laws were no longer convincing. However, four years after this occurred, several cases came about in Georgia, Florida, and Texas where lawyers wanted the death penalty. This set new laws in these states and later the Supreme Court decided that the death penalty was constitutional under the Eighth Amendment. There also has been the problem of overcrowding in prisons and jails. Some people say that this is a problem but having more jails built will solve this problem. Having more prisons or jails built may help solve the problem but the death penalty effectively stops draining more money from the taxpayers to give these murderers a home. These murderers get three warm meals a day; they do nothing all day, and have a place to sleep just because the taxpayers fund these facilities. Murderers on death row do not deserve to get a place to stay. They deserve to have their lives taken for the crimes that they have committed.

Critique of Dress Smart Men by Kim Johnson Gross and Jeff Stone :: Literature Review

II. Summary of Major Ideas Kim Johnson Gross and Jeff Stone, in their book Dress Smart Men, layout their view on how men should dress for success in the business world. The book details how to dress at three stages in your career: getting a job, succeeding in your job, and obtaining a better job. Although Dress Smart Men is laid out in these three sections, the authors discuss their dress philosophy throughout the book. One important point they make is that it is important to dress well because others will judge you, consciously and subconsciously, based on how you dress. Your wardrobe is a tool that you must use effectively to advance in your career. You must examine how you dress, eliminate items that you do not wear, and stock your closet wisely. The authors state that your goal should be style, which is timeless, as opposed to fashion, which changes frequently. Your clothing choices should emphasize quality over quantity; however, you do not need to spend an extravagant amount of money to look professiona l. Your wardrobe should also be versatile, giving you the ability to mix and match outfits. As you get higher in position, you should buy higher quality clothing. If you choose your clothing wisely it will enhance and further your business career. III. Critical Evaluation of Work Gross and Stone have laid out a very conservative philosophy of dress. They believe that you should wear what has become the established style of dress in the business environment. Many today refuse to follow standards that were held in previous generations. According to the humanistic worldview, there are no absolutes. Each person decides for themselves what is right and wrong. Believing in humanism will greatly affect how a person lives his life, and this effect is especially apparent in one’s dress standard. As Christians, we understand that absolutes do exist, and we should realize the importance of standards. By advocating conservative standards in this book, Gross and Stone reject the philosophy of relativistic humanism. Although Gross and Stone have a good philosophy of dress, they seem to place too high an importance on clothing. Although they claim that you do not necessarily need to spend a lot of money to dress professionally, they later state that â€Å"becoming more successful...doesn’t really allow for $200 suits anymore.† (111) While it is important to dress well, I disagree that you need to buy the most expensive clothing to further your career.

Cash flow

This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today's business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course.In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and orga nizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180).For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory', long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization's value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for eff icient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structures separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35).Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and ada ptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0).The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014).For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17).Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an eff icient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). Lastly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate.Ho wever, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today's business world.Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast's use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annot ated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. & Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study.As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and pr eparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities.The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social respons ibility and positive organizational performance. Cash flow This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today's business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course.In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and orga nizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180).For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory', long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization's value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for eff icient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structures separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35).Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and ada ptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0).The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014).For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17).Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an eff icient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). Lastly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate.Ho wever, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today's business world.Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast's use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annot ated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. & Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study.As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and pr eparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities.The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social respons ibility and positive organizational performance.

Food Microbiology

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Food is one of human sources of calorie, protein, fats, and nutrition. Yet, because of the highly nutritious content, food is susceptible to growth of microorganisms. By the presence of microorganisms in food, the food is more likely to have shorter shelf life. Thus, mostly it is resolved by the addition of antimicrobial substances to food, such as condiments and preservatives. Condiments and preservatives could inhibit the growth of microorganisms or even destroyed them, as they have antimicrobial agents.Some examples of condiments and preservatives are ginger, clove, sodium benzoate, garlic, and coriander. The factors contributing in the effectiveness of condiments and preservatives in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms are the concentration of the antimicrobial, temperature, characteristic of the microorganisms and food, storage time. As different types of microorganisms have different resistance toward the antimicrobial substance, it is important to understand the characteristic of the microorganisms towards the antimicrobial agent.There are two types of resistance: intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. There are some methods of observing the capability of the condiments in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. In the experiment, the method used is well diffusion method, which used different type of condiments and added into holes of agar, where by the inhibition zone by the condiments could be observed. The larger the inhibition zone, the more effective the condiment was in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. 1. 2 Objectives By conducting the experiment, students are expected to learn and observe he effectiveness of antimicrobial substance consisted in condiments and potassium sorbate towards the growth of microorganisms. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Antimicrobials Referring to Volk and Wheeler (1993), antimicrobials are the substances that are used to inhibit or kill pathogenic or non-pathog enic microbes. Antimicrobials are also often used as sanitizers and preservatives. Sanitizer is an agent to decrease the amount of microorganisms to the acceptable level. It is generally used in food processing equipments. Antimicrobials are grouped into natural antimicrobials and chemical antimicrobials.According to Fardiaz (1992), antimicrobials may be microstatic, which is inhibitory to the growth of microbes, and microcidal, which means able to kill microbes. Fruit extract is one most susceptible food materials and thus, is often added with preservatives, especially chemical preservatives, stored at low temperature, or pasteurized. Pasteurization is a heating process at 63? C for thirty minutes. This process is aimed to preserve the stability of the food materials (Buckle et al. , 1987). The growth of microbes can be controlled by using various methods, namely physical method, chemical method, and immunological method.The control of microorganism growth is performed to kill the microbes, to inhibit the microbes, and to destroy the microbes. Physical controls can be performed by sterilization with heating or radiation and filtering. Chemical controls can be carried out by using chemical antimicrobial compounds, such as disinfectants and preservatives. Whereas immunological controls can be performed by vaccination (Batzing, 2002). 2. 2 Active Antimicrobial Compounds in Spices 2. 2. 1 Garlic Garlic come from the onion family and are an erect biennial herb, which grow annually. It has irregular roots, condensed, flattened step and narrow and has lat leaves. Garlic’s bulb consists of 6 to 35 bulblets called cloves which enclosed in a thick whitish, glistening, and transparent covering (Anonym1, 2000). According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), garlic or Allium sativum or lahsoon in Indian name is an edible plant, which has been generating a lot of interest as a medicinal panacea and a cure for a wide variety of different conditions since the human history h as begun. It is reported to have anticancer effects and to reduce blood lipids in human body. Figure 2. 1 shows the approximate composition of fresh garlic. Figure 2. The approximate composition of fresh garlic Source: Ahmad (1996) The active compound found in garlic cloves which have an unusual concentration of sulfur-containing compounds (1-3%) is called allicin. It is a volatile molecule, which is poorly miscible in aqueous solution, and has a strong typical odor of crushed garlic. Chemically, allicin can be synthesized by mild oxidation of diallyl disulfide as presented in Figure 2. 1. It is to be noticed in Figure 2. 2 that there is a compound called alliin which is a stable precusor, that later will be converted to allicin by enzyme called alliinase present in cloves too.Moreover, alliinase is surprisingly found in large amounts in cloves, which is about 10% of the total protein content. Practically, allicin is produced when garlic cloves are cut into or crushed (Ankri and Mir elman, 1999) Figure 2. 2 Generation of allicin in a garlic clove Source: Ankri and Mirelman (1999) According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), there are several biological activities in allicin such as its activity as an antioxidant and its ability to attack the sulphur (SH) groups in enzymes and proteins while modifying their activities as well.Furthermore, allicin can rapidly penetrate into cells through the cell membranes. In its pure form, allicin has been reputed to exhibit antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, for instance Escherichia coli that is known to be a multidrug-resistant enterotoxicogenic strains, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Bacillus, and Clostridium. It also has antifungal activity that prevents the formation of mycotoxins such as the aflatoxin of Aspergillus parasiticus.Allicin has shown the anticandida activity towards and is effective against the group species of Candida, Cryptococ cus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum at only low concentration since it inhibits both the germination of spores and the formation of hyphae. Referring to Dobre et al. (2011), allicin can also attack Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penecillium species, which are responsible for food poisoning and food decay.The main mechanism of the antimicrobial activity in allicin is the inhibition of certain thiol-containing enzymes in the microorganisms by the super fast reaction of thiosulfinates with thiol groups, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and RNA polymerase that later will affect the essential metabolism of cysteine proteinase activity. The reason why microbial cells are highly sensitive to allicin is probably because the lack of glutathione (thiol molecules such as trypanothione) which results of lack of the ability to reactivate the pivotal SH-enzymes that are thiolated by allicin (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999). . 2. 2 Coriander Coriander or Coriandrum sativu m L. is originated from the Mediterranean region and has the appearance of flat shape in the one side while slightly pointed shape is found in the other side. Coriander seed has various lengths between 3 to 5 mm with brown color in ripe state (Sarkar, 2012). Accodring to Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010), it has been traditionally used as an analgesic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antispasmodic, circulatory stimulant, and antidiabetic. Beside that, coriander is known to have effect in lowering cholesterol. Table 2. shows the composition of coriander seed. Table 2. 3 The coriander seed composition in 1 tsp Total Fat 0. 9g 1% Saturated Fat 0. 00g 0% Monounsaturated Fat 0. 7g Polyunsaturated Fat 0. 1g Cholesterol 0mg 0% Sodium 2mg 0% Total Carbohydrates 2. 7g 1% Dietary Fiber 2. 1 g 8% Protein 0. 6g Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 2% Calcium 4% Iron 5% Source: Sarkar (2012) The precise volatile compounds acting as antimicrobial compounds have not been exami ned clearly till now, although there are some volatile compounds suggested to be the antimicrobial compound inside coriander which are (2E) – hexenal and (3E) – hexenal (Kubo et al. , 2004).They are reported to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are foodborne pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibits bactericidal activity and is reported to have an effective antibacterial. The mechanism of the activity of coriander is membrane damage causing cell death to the bacteria (Silva et al. , 2011). However, according to Uma et al. (2009), coriander seems to not having an effective antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast have not yet been examined further. 2. 2. 3 Black PepperBlack pepper (Pipper nigrum) is a condiment that has been used since ancient times and is native to India. Black pepper is useful for treatment of various sicknesses su ch as vertigo, asthma, fever and also cholera. The volatile oil of black pepper has been shown to have antimicrobial activity as well (Karsha and Lakshmi, 2009). The major antimicrobial compund found in black pepper are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Davidson et al. , 2005). According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2009), black pepper shows strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus faecalis.Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli are affected as well, although the effect on gram-positive bacteria is better. The mechanism of the antimicrobial activity appears to be loss of control over cell membrane permeability. According to Singh et al. (2004), black pepper has antifungal activity as well as it is effective in stopping the growth of molds such as Fusarium graminearum. Black pepper is also shown to be able to inhibit the growth of yeast such as Candida a lbicans (Joe et al. , 2009). 2. 2. 4 Potassium SorbatePotassium sorbate are currently one of the most widely used preservative and can be used to preserve foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Potassium sorbate may be manufactured as a powder or granules and has an antimicrobial potency of 74% compared to sorbic acid. The molecular weight of potassium sorbate is 150. 22 and is the most soluble form of sorbate compared to the others, such as calcium sorbate and sodium sorbate. Besides good solubility, potassium sorbate is also has good stability and easy to manufacture, making it the most used form of sorbate in food industry.Sorbate is very effective when used against bacteria, molds, and yeasts. Yeasts inhibited by sorbate are Brettanomyces, Candida, Cryptococccus, Debaryomyces, Endomycopsis, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, and Zygosaccharomyces. Molds species inhibited by sorbate are Alternaria, Asco chyta, Ascosphaera, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gliocladium, Helminthosporium,Heterosporium, Humicola, Monilia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, Pepularia, Pestalotiopsis, Pullularia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rosellinia, Sporotrichum, Trichoderma, Truncatella, Ulocladium, and others. While for bacteria, the species inhibited are Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Pediococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, and others (Davidson et al. , 2005). 2. 3Mechanism of Antimicrobials There exist some mechanisms of antimicrobial activity in inhibiting the growth of microbes. The antimicrobials are classified into: cell wall destructor, cell wall permeability intervent ion, destructor of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, antimetabolites, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, and cell plasmolysis (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Referring to Fardiaz and Betty (1989), the broken cell wall of microorganisms will cause the cell content to depart from the cell and thus, inhibit the cell metabolisms. Severe destructions on the cell may cause the death of the cell.Lysozyme is one of the enzymes that are able to destruct the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. An enzyme produced by a bacterium might be able to inhibit the growth of other microbes. There is also a type of antimicrobials that is able to inhibit the formation of cell wall materials. These cells that do not have cell wall are called protoplast. Protoplast is very easily broken, except when placed in isotonic medium. Penicillin and cycloserin are examples of compounds that retard the formation of peptidoglycan in developing cell. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to penicillin as they have lots of peptidoglycans.The breaking of plasma membrane and leakage of cell content will inhibit the microorganism growth or even kill the microorganisms. The implication if the cell destruction is the enzymes will not be able to function properly in the cell metabolism. However, antimicrobials that intervene the cell wall permeability are rarely used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Compounds destructing the protein and nucleic acid are able to destroy cells. This type of destruction is unfixable. For instance, certain amount of alcohol and sodium chloride are able to denaturate the proteins.Those two compounds are often used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Antimetabolites are the compounds that are similar to natural metabolites. These antimetabolites will interrupt the metabolisms in the cell. The interruption of the metabolisms might retard the cell growth or even kill the cell. Furthermore, the synthesis of DNA and RNA may be inhibited by some antimic robial compounds, namely the compounds that are able to retard the formation of nucleic acid arrangement and compounds that inhibit the nucleic acid polymerization (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989).Plasmolysis or the breakage of a cell is caused by the high plasmolysis pressure. Materials that are often used in food to promote the cell plasmolysis are salt and sugar. Salt and sugar are considered to be able to increase the osmotic pressure in food materials therefore plasmolysis takes place (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). 2. 4 Antimicrobial Sensitivity towards Microbial Defense Microorganisms have the ability to resist some types of antimicrobial substances. There are two types of resistance in microorganisms toward antimicrobial agents, such as intrinsic or natural resistance and acquired resistance.The antimicrobial agents in intrinsic resistance could not affect the microorganisms, as they have no target sites, which are the microorganisms, to affect. In contrary, in microorganisms that donâ €™t have the intrinsic resistance, the antimicrobial substance could gradually enter the microbial cell and affecting the activity of the microorganisms, as the microorganisms’ cell membrane have lower permeability to antimicrobial substance (Sosa et al. , 2010). Furthermore, in acquired resistance, the microorganisms are naturally vulnerable, as they need specific ways for preventing to be affected by the antimicrobial substances.Some examples of the specific ways are the presence of enzyme that has the ability to inactivate the antimicrobial agent, or alternative enzyme that has the ability to inhibit the activity of antimicrobial agent. Then, it also happens when there is mutation and post-transcriptional and posttranslational in the microorganisms that are the target of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, these will reduce the binding of the antimicrobial agent (Sosa et al. , 2010). Every microorganism has different sensitivity towards different type antimicrobial agents. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. is mostly used as seasoning condiment. According to Kubo et al. (2004), in the leaves of coriander, there are volatile oils that are suggested to have antimicrobial properties against food born pathogen, such as Salmonella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L. ) is used mostly in food as seasoning condiments. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of black pepper is very effective for inhibiting antibacterial activity agains penicillin G resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis (Chaudhry and Tariq, 2006).According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2010) experiment, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper than gramnegative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Staphylococcus and followed by Bacillus and Streptococcus. Furthermore, among gram-negative bacteria, the most susceptible towards an timicrobial in black pepper is Pseudomonas, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella. Garlic (Allium sativum) is commonly used for antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antihelmantic, antiseptic and anti-infamatory.Garlic extract is effevtive in inhibiting the microbial activity of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. Several examples of the gram-negative bacteria are E. coli, Salmonella species and Citrobacter Enterobacter, Pseudomon, Kilabsella) and the gram-positive bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus, spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumonia Group A streptococcus and Bacillus anthrax (Daka, 2011; Durairaj, 2009). Potassium sorbate is used as preservative in food as the sorbic acid is more effective than benzoic acid in preserving food. The preservation process occurs in higher pH.It is effective to inhibit the microbial activity of Pseudomonas species, which are categorized as gram-positive bacteria (Beuchat, 1980). Mostly, gram-positi ve bacteria are more sensitive towards antimicrobial agent than gram-negative bacteria (Torrence and Isaacson, 2003). 2. 5 Factors Affecting Microorganism Strength towards Antimicrobial Compounds The resistance of microbes towards particular antimicrobial compound is dependent on several factors that contained in that particular microbe such as the cell wall, protein content, nucleic acid, and membrane cell (Lay, 2002).There are several types of microbes that have cell walls, and an antimicrobial compound that can affect the mechanism of the cell wall that influence the microbial resistance. Anti-microbial compounds may interfere with the work of the cell wall as well as peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is the process in prokaryotic cell wall structure construction. Disruption of peptidoglycan may affect the resistance and sensitivity of microbes to changes in osmotic perspective (Lay, 2002). Microbes also contain nucleic acids.The nucleic acid can be affected by antimicrobial comp unds where the enzymes that are going to be used for the synthesis of nucleic acid are inhibited. The example is rifampin where it binds the enzyme RNA polymerase, quinolone as well as binding enzyme DNA gyrase (Lay, 2002). The resistance of microbes can be affected by the metabolism of the microbes. Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of essential molecules can be inhibited by antimetabolite. Antimetabolite is the antimicrobial that is used for inhibiting the growth of microbes. An example of antimetabolite is the sulfinylamide (Lay, 2002).In general, most living cells including microorganisms has the ability to control what is going in and out of the membrane. If there is a rupture in the membrane, it will cause the spillage of the essential inorganic ions. Thus, rupture in the cell membrane can affect the growth and death of the microbes (Lay, 2002). 2. 6 Methods of Microbial Defense towards Antimicrobial Activity 2. 6. 1 Well Diffusion Method Well diffusion method is done by pou ring the microbial suspension that is going to be tested into a sterile Petri dish continued by pouring the media agar into the dish. Then, the Petri dishes are mixed by the eight movement ethod to allow even mixing. The media is then allowed to be solidified and cynlidrical holes are made. The holes are then filled with antimicrobial agents to be tested. The cup was incubated at 37Â °C for two days and then observed on the antimicrobial activity of the tested microbial suspension. Antimicrobial ingredients poured into the well are able to spread evenly as it can diffuse in all directions around the microbial suspension. Once incubated, usually will form a clean circular zone of microbes. This method can be used to test several different types of antimicrobial agents. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. Kirby Bauer Disc Method One of the easy methods to test the vulnerability of organisms towards the antimicrobial agents is by inoculating the agar with culture and allowing the antimicrobes to diff use to the media agar. The discs that contain antimicrobial agents are placed on the surface of the plate that has the organisms that are going to be tested. At particular distance on respective discs, the antimicrobes will diffuse to a point where the antimicrobes are unable to inhibit the microbial growth. Antimicrobial effectiveness is shown by the inhibition zones. Inhibition zone appears as clean areas that surround the disc.The diameter zone can be measured by using ruler and the result of the experiment considered to be one antibiogram. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. 3 MIC and MBC The antimicrobial activity can be observed by knowing the concentration of the antimicrobial agents that are going to be used by reducing the total critical number of bacteria that caused their death. MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration) from an antimicrobes can be known by providing the antimicrobial agents into two serial dilutions in series tubes or can be done by well method in a media that has been inocu lated with bacteria.Series tubes that have been filled with antimicrobial agents are incubated to see the growth of the bacteria and the turbidity is observed. The increment in turbidity indicates the growth of the microbes. MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent where the grwoth can be inhibited completely. (Smith, 2005) MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) is the total number of antimicrobial agents that is required to kill organisms.MBC is done by taking a part from each serial tubes from the MIC that does not show any growth of the bacteria that has been incubated, The samples is taken from respective tubes that has been incubated in pour plate media. MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that are able to kill at least 99. 9% of the inoculums that has been incubated (Smith, 2005). 2. 7 Food Preservatives Preservatives are commonly used to prevent destruction of physical, chemical and microbiological food. Use of antimicrobial preservative s combined with other preservatives so that the preservation of the food will be maximized.According Fellows (2000), the criteria for antimicrobial preservative in food are the usage and is more efficient which when dissolved in water, stable in storage, non-toxic, low antimicrobial concentrations but has a wide range, optimum efficiency at room temperature, non-corrosive, odorless, and its high penetrative ability to the food. Based on its mechanism, the antimicrobial agent acts as the rupture of the cell wall When there is a rupture on the cell wall, the cell contents will spill out thus inhibiting the metabolism of cells. The destruction of the cell wall can result in cell death.Lysozyme can damage the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin and sikloserin inhibit the growth of peptidoglycan in the cell develops. Gram-positive bacteria is sensitive towards penicillin as the high level of peptidoglycan content. Damage to the cell wall would also cause damage to the plasma membrane (Fellows, 2000). NaCl and alcohol is often used to preserve food because it can cause denaturation of proteins and nucleic acids that can destroy the cell and cannot be repaired. While H2O2 is an antimicrobial that can destroy the enzyme activity of microbes.Compounds inhibiting the formation of nucleic acids and nucleic acid polymerization inhibitor compounds can inhibit the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. The use of salt and sugar can cause plasmolysis the microbial cell. Since the osmotic pressure on microbial too high, so that the cells undergo plasmolisis and can inhibit the growth of microbes (Fellows, 2000). Ascorbic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds in a way to inactivate the enzyme fatty acid dehydrogenase. Ascorbic acid can work optimally at a pH above 6. 5.Propionic acid is at its most effectiveness to inhibit molds and yeasts with maximal activity at pH above 5. Acetic acid as vinegar used to preserve bread in order to prevent mold contamination, but vinegar cannot inhibit the growth of yeasts. Acetic acid work optimally at low pH (acid). Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide can be used as a fumigant in spices and flour. Sodium or potassium nitrite and nitrate are commonly used for preservatives in meat products. Maximum working power of nitrite compounds is pH of about 57. Nitrite also serves to inhibit Clostridium botulinum, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and some micrococcus. Nitrites are heated simultaneously with foods will provide the growth inhibitory effect against microbes ten times greater than that of nitrite without heating (Fellows, 2000). CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHOD 3. 1 Materials and Equipments Equipments that are used in the experiment are balance, blender, grater, dilution bottle, autoclave, waterbath, refrigerator, vernier caliper, tip with the cuttop, sterile toothpicks, sterile petri dishes, micropipette, tip (10 ml and 100Â µl), and Bunsen’s b urner.Materials that are used are spices (black pepper, garlic, and coriander), potassium sorbate, alcohol, aquadest, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), yeast culture (Candida tropicalis), mold culture (Aspergillus oryzae), PCA media, and NA media. 3. 2 Procedures 3. 2. 1 Extract Preparation 1. Spices were weighed up to 3 grams and reduced in size. 2. The spices were mixed with 10mL of ethanol into Erlenmeyer flasks. 3. 2. 2 Antimicrobial Assay 1. 1mL of culture is added into Petri plate 2. The matching medium is added into the Petri plates (NA for B. subtilis and PDA for A. ryzae and C. tropicalis) 3. The media were let to solidify. 4. Holes were made by using tips with cut-tops. 5. Mixtures of spices were added into the holes. 6. The plates were incubated were incubated for 48 hours in 37? C. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISSCUSION 4. 1 Effect of Antimicrobial Compounds Towards Microbial Growth 4. 1. 1 Garlic Table 4. 1 Observation result of inhibitory activity by garlic From Table 4 . 1, it can be seen that the microorganism that was the most susceptible to allicin contained in garlic, judging by the largest area inhibition, was Bacillus subtilis.There were even no growths in some Petri dishes that meant that the effectiveness of allicin as the antimicrobial compound could be found most when it was applied for bacteria, which was Bacillus subtilis in particular. It matched with the previous literature discussed stating that allicin is an active compound in garlic that attacks the cell membrane in microorganism. However, there was an error found in the experiment from Group 4, which resulted in no inhibition found from Bacillus subtilis. This might happen due to the absence of the allicin itself or the ontamination happened which might result in the building of the resistance towards antimicrobial compound. Afterwards, it can be seen from the experiment that Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae shared almost the same result, which means that they were also susceptible to allicin. The uneven inhibition found in Candida tropicalis showing the largest inhibition (7. 23mm) beyond the inhibition done for Bacillus subtilis might happen because of the uneven diffusion of the active antimicrobial compound to the dishes. It still matched the theory since allicin has antibacteria and antifungal activity towards the species mentioned above.From the result, it can be concluded that garlic can be used as the antimicrobial compound in food to prevent foodborne disease and food poisoning. However, the concentration of garlic has to be concerned since it has strong odor and may be unpleasant to some people. 4. 1. 2 Coriander Table 4. 2 Observation result of inhibitory activity by coriander From Table 4. 2, it can be seen that coriander is found to be effective as an antimicrobial compound most in Bacillus subtilis, although some of the dishes showed no area of inhibitions.The disappearance of Bacillus subtilis in most of Petri dishes shown by no grow th sign indicated that coriander worked best to inhibit bacteria. This result matched with the previous literature stating that coriander inhibits food pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria. However, coriander has the least inhibition activity towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae was found to be less susceptible to the volatile compound in coriander acting as antimicrobial compound. There were almost no area of inhibition found in every petri dish, proving that coriander did not affect mold and yeast.Since the literature stated that coriander has almost no antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast has not been examined, the result matched them. 4. 1. 3 Black Pepper Table 4. 3 Observation result of inhibitory activity by black pepper From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that black pepper is most effective when used against Bacillus subtilis, as many bacteria were inactivated, indicated by the area of clear zone, which in some plates, all of them doesn’t grow at all and so the area of clear zone can’t be measured.Aspergillus oryzae are quite susceptible as well to black pepper’s antimicrobial compound as the area of inhibition overall is large. While the most resistant microorganism from the experiment shown is Candida tropicalis, as the area of inhibition is relatively small. From the theory, black pepper shows antimicrobial activity against bacteria, molds, and yeasts, but the strongest towards bacteria, especially Grampositive bacteria. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as black pepper is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, which is a Grampositive bacterium.It also inhibited the growth of Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae, so the result of the experiment matches the theory. 4. 1. 4 Potassium Sorbate Table 4. 4 Observation result of inhibitory activity by potassium sorbate From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that potassium sorbat e is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, as in some plates it inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and so the area of clear zone can’t be measured. Antimicrobial activity can be seen as well towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.According to the theory, potassium sorbate is very effective when used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as potassium sorbate in this experiment is able to stop the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus Oryzae. 4. 2 Microbial Defense Towards Antimicrobial Compounds 4. 2. 1 Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) Table 4. 4 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Bacillus subtilis in some condiments From the table 4. 4, it is shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense of the Bacillus subtilis for its growth is arlic. Also, the least effective condiment for inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is effective for both Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, thus the inhibition zone is larger. Also, coriander is effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, as in the experiment the bacteria used was Gram-positive bacteria, thus, coriander is not effective in inhibiting Bacillus subtilis. The experiment result has shown the same result as the theory given. 4. 2. 2 Yeast (Candida tropicalis) Table 4. 5Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Candida tropicalis in some condimentsIn the table 4. 5, it shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense and microbial growth of Candida tropicalis is garlic and the least effective is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is used as antifungal and is the most effective one in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, molds and yeast. Thus, the inhibition zone of garlic is the largest. Also, as coriander is mostly effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, the rate of inhibition of yeast is lower, so the inhibition zone is smaller. The experiment result has shown the exact result as the theory given. 4. 2. Molds (Aspergillus oryzae) Table 4. 6 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Aspergillus oryzae in some condiments The experiment result has shown that the most effective condiment towards the inhibition zone in Aspergillus oryzae media is garlic and the least effective condiment is coriander. Referring to the theory, garlic is mostly used as antifungal and the most effective condiment used in the experiment to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Also, coriander is least effective in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus oryzae as coriander is most effective in inhibiting gramnegative bacteria.In conclusion, the result of the experiment shows the same result as the theory given. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Spices have different antimicrobial compounds able to inhibit the growth of various types of microorganisms. Based on the expe riments, garlic, coriander, and black pepper have the most effective activity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or in this case Bacillus subtilis. However, coriander was proven to have no antifungal activity by the absence of inhibition zone on the Petri plates with yeast and molds, in this case Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.In addition, potassium sorbate is effective to inhibit the growth of all types of micoorganisms in the experiment: bacteria, yeast, and molds. The Bacillus subtilis bacteria, Candida tropicalis yeast, and Aspergillus oryzae molds are most susceptible by the presence of garlic. This means that the garlic has the highest effectiveness in affecting the defense of bacteria, yeast, and molds. In contrast, the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds is least affected by the presence of coriander.

Free Essays on Visual Perception

Visual Perception - The function of Neural fatigue in interpreting an ambiguous figure. Neuro Psychologists around the world have taken much interest in the field of visual perception. These psychologists have conducted many experiments and formed their own theories as to what they perceive are the processes and brain mechanisms involved in visual perception and further, how these processes and brain mechanisms work and interact together. According to Sutherland (1983), visual perception can be identified as the ability to judge distance and depth, to see movement, to recognize objects when seeing them at different distances or from different points of view, and to construct a model in our heads of the world around us. Research has found that when we create visual imagery in our minds, both top-down and bottom-up processing is equally important to the process. According to Posner and Marcus (1997), bottom-up processing can be defined as those processes driven automatically by a person, over which we may have no control; Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is the brain's involuntary mechanisms for resolving competition between conflicting interpretations of information it receives. Posner and Marcus define top-down processing as being those processes generated internally by the person, Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is someone making the choice to focus their attention on searching for a yellow book on a shelf. To understand more fully how the combined contributions of both top-down processing and bottom-up processing interact, Grabowecky, Robertson and Treisman (1993) conducted an experiment into how people can effectively search for a specific chosen visual target! amongst an array of other visual stimuluses (the distracters). This exercise resembled the task of one looking for a familiar face in a photograph of a crowd. In this particular experiment the crowd was resembled using a combination of blu... Free Essays on Visual Perception Free Essays on Visual Perception Visual Perception - The function of Neural fatigue in interpreting an ambiguous figure. Neuro Psychologists around the world have taken much interest in the field of visual perception. These psychologists have conducted many experiments and formed their own theories as to what they perceive are the processes and brain mechanisms involved in visual perception and further, how these processes and brain mechanisms work and interact together. According to Sutherland (1983), visual perception can be identified as the ability to judge distance and depth, to see movement, to recognize objects when seeing them at different distances or from different points of view, and to construct a model in our heads of the world around us. Research has found that when we create visual imagery in our minds, both top-down and bottom-up processing is equally important to the process. According to Posner and Marcus (1997), bottom-up processing can be defined as those processes driven automatically by a person, over which we may have no control; Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is the brain's involuntary mechanisms for resolving competition between conflicting interpretations of information it receives. Posner and Marcus define top-down processing as being those processes generated internally by the person, Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is someone making the choice to focus their attention on searching for a yellow book on a shelf. To understand more fully how the combined contributions of both top-down processing and bottom-up processing interact, Grabowecky, Robertson and Treisman (1993) conducted an experiment into how people can effectively search for a specific chosen visual target! amongst an array of other visual stimuluses (the distracters). This exercise resembled the task of one looking for a familiar face in a photograph of a crowd. In this particular experiment the crowd was resembled using a combination of blu...

Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Essays

Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Essays Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Paper Psychological Concepts in Runaway Love Paper Song Runaway Love Analysis The song our group chose to analyze and apply sociological concepts is Runaway Love by Ludacris featuring Mary J. Blige. This music video talks a lot about the struggles that some teenage girls face throughout life and their solution to solve it: running away. Throughout the video Ludacris, the storyteller, or rapper, talks about parents utilizing drugs, ignoring and neglecting their child, having to decide whether they can tell their parent they’re pregnant and children running away to avoid their problems and tormentors. The song was released in 2006 and is a little old, but many of the issues addressed in the video still happen today. In the first verse, Ludacris talks about Lisa. Lisa is a nine year old girl, who is growing up in an environment where she is being neglected and abused. I’ve chosen three concepts that I feel represent her story and describe what is going on. For my first concept, I was able to apply the concept of anomie. I chose this concept because Lisa doesn’t feel comfortable in her current social environment. Lisa has never met her family and doesn’t know her father, and her mother is never around. When her mother is around it is always with a strange man she is bringing home late at night. These men always end up fighting and arguing with Lisa’s mother, making her feel even more lost (Ludacris, 0:49). In the video, this can be portrayed when Lisa is on her bed laying down and staring at the ceiling with a blank expression or watching her mother being abused through the kitchen doorway. The next concept is sexual harassment. In the video we see that Lisa is raped by one of the men that her mother brings home. While her mother is asleep, the man sneaks into her room and rapes her. In the song it is told that she tries to resist, but is beat by her rapist (Ludacris, 0:54). This is the unwelcome sexual advancement. Domestic violence is also prevalent.

Resume summariesâ€how to write and use them

Resume summaries- how to write and use them Your resume has your contact information. It has your education and experience. It even has a creatively written section that makes your hobby of making small hats for cats look relevant for your next job opportunity. But are you sure you’re done and ready to send it out? Let’s look at whether your resume needs to have a resume summary- and if so, how to get it done. What IS a Resume Summary, Anyway?You might think that â€Å"resume summary† sounds like an objective, or a headline. And in theory, it’s similar: a resume summary, or statement, is a brief piece of text at the top of your resume, designed to call the reader’s attention to specific information. But the similarities actually stop there. A resume summary is a little more in-depth than your average headline, which is a pithy one-liner that sums you up. And while an objective tells the reader more about your goals, a summary is a way to convey what you already have in your pocket- skills, ex perience, awards, etc.The resume statement is more of a highlight reel than a headline, calling out a few key bullet points that make your resume The One. The reader will (ideally) find more information about these points later in your resume, but the summary gives them a sneak peek, and helps to grab attention to ensure that they keep reading. After all, the average recruiter or hiring manager spends only a few seconds reading a resume before deciding whether to keep it or junk it and move on to the next candidate. Those seconds are precious, so you want any advantage you can seize.You may also have seen resume statements referred to as â€Å"executive summary† (for high-level positions), â€Å"competencies,† or â€Å"qualifications summary.† These are all just different ways of saying the same thing: a collection of the talking points you want to set for your resume.Do You Need a Resume Summary?Short answer: no one has ever died from not having a resume summar y. And it’s not an element that every job seeker necessarily needs. Although it’s optional, resume statements are a way to help make your resume stand out in a pile of similar-looking printouts, from people who may be very much like you (at least on paper). Consider using a resume summary if you are:Experienced in your fieldLooking to move up in the same fieldTrying to emphasize particular stats (like sales performance, awards, or special skills that set you apart)In these cases, the resume summary is helpful because it calls out the stars of your resume- the experience points you’ve built throughout your career. You have an advantage here over the hiring manager: you know how qualified you are for the job, and what you bring to the table. Because you already have that information, isn’t it also your responsibility to make sure it sees the light of day?In an ideal world, every hiring manager or recruiter would take the time to pore over each resume, looki ng for nuances and details that show how qualified the candidate is. In reality, these are busy professionals just trying to move things along so they can fill a position. They may be juggling all sorts of other duties with the hiring process, so there just may not be enough time and attention to give each resume what it deserves. Or your resume isn’t being read by human eyes at all, but rather a screening program- and in that case, a resume summary offers you an extra chance to cram in some high-quality keywords to help bump you up to the next round.Consider skipping the resume summary if you are:Seeking an entry-level job with little experienceChanging careers without much experience in the new fieldIn those cases, where you don’t necessarily want to call attention to the experience you don’t yet have, an objective statement might be much more effective. So it’s really your own judgment call. Think about what you’re applying for, what your on-pap er strengths are, and decide accordingly whether you really need to include a resume summary.Writing a Resume SummaryOnce you’ve decided that a resume summary belongs on your own resume, let’s talk about how to craft one. Here are three strategies to use while writing your sentence.Keep it short. Include a few sentences (usually 4-6), either as bullet points or a brief narrative paragraph. These points should outline what makes you most qualified for the job at hand.Use strong, concise writing that gets right to the point. Action verbs are definitely your best friends here. You want your words to pack a punch, without taking up too much space in your valuable resume real estate.Target the information directly to the job for which you’re applying. Your whole resume should be targeted and edited accordingly for each job opening, but this is especially true in your resume summary, given that it’s your attempt to get noticed for all the right reasons. And thi s is where proofreading your resume becomes extra important- you don’t want information applicable to Job X sneaking into your resume for Job Y, especially in a high-profile spot like the resume summary. That’s almost like putting the wrong company name in your cover letter (which I’ve seen done- and it’s not pretty).And what should this information be, you ask? It can actually be anything you think is important to convey about yourself for the job opening: skills, experience, honors, direct qualifications. To figure out what you want to include in your summary, ask yourself some key questions:What are my top selling points as a candidate here?What were the high points of my career so far?What are my key strengths?What is my greatest value as a potential employee?What certifications or achievements do I have that can set me apart?What can my strengths do for this company?At this point, feel free to brainstorm. Write down what you think should be included, then take that bigger list and wrangle it into the 4-6 bullet points you think are most essential.Let’s look at some different examples of resume summaries, from different fields.OPERATIONS COORDINATORSeasoned project manager with 10+ years of completing large-scale projects on time and on spec. Excellent written and verbal interpersonal communications skills, with a focus on managing client relationships and communicating with stakeholders at all levels. Proficient in JIRA and Basecamp project management tools. Expert in leading diverse teams to timely and successful outcomes.This summary hits several key points in a very short amount of time. Right away, the reader knows that he has 10 years of experience, is good at working with team members, and is focused on results.SALES QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARYSales director with a 15-year track record of team leadership and surpassing sales goals by an average of 5%.Innovative approach to sales and customer data analysis to generate mo re/better leads.Increased customer base by more than 10%.Adept at coaching and developing talent to build teams and enhance company performance.This summary goes for a very direct, bulleted approach. This sales director wants you to know that she gets results, and provides snippets of sales and customer performance stats (which can be fleshed out later in the resume). She also emphasizes team-building and leadership, instead of just saying, â€Å"I have leadership skills.†REGISTERED NURSERegistered nurse with more than 12 years of providing end-of-life care in a hospice setting.Extensive experience and thorough understanding of pathophysiology of terminally ill patients.Work extensively with patients and families to ease the transition to hospice care, and educate patients on what to expect.Currently lead a team of charge nurses to provide comprehensive, seamless care for hospice patients.Certified Hospice and Palliative Nurse (CHPN ®) since 2005.This nurse uses her resume summary to do two things: show her experience and certification, and also to call out her patient care skills, mentioning how she relates to patients and their families in the hospital setting.Remember: your summary shouldn’t be a complete rundown of your resume. You just want it to be the greatest hits, so that the reader can read it and think, â€Å"Hmm, this person sounds great from these introductory bits. Tell me more!† You can go more in-depth with your experience bullet points, or your skills summary later on. The summary is a chance up front to set the narrative for your own resume, and let the reader know that the time they spend reading and considering your resume will be worthwhile.Good luck!

What does the term Model Minority refer to According to Chan, how Essay

What does the term Model Minority refer to According to Chan, how accurate is this perspective Explain their argument. Who is excluded from this perspective Is it harmful - Essay Example The publicity that has been given to the Asian minorities and brought forth the term â€Å"model minority† is due to factors like low crime rates among young people in these communities and their higher socio economic status as compared to other minorities. Media publicity that propagated this view described how Asian Americans had been able to achieve a higher social class and standing through cultural mechanisms like hard work, their frugal lifestyles, their sacrifices for children and their family ties (Pyong 2006:80). The criticism levelled against the model minority program contends that the publicity hype does not take into account all the relevant factors. For instance, the claims about Asian Americans achieving a higher economic status than white Americans in some cases, does not take into account the fact that in most Asian American families, more than one person in the family was earning and contributing, which helped to account for the higher family income. (Chan 168). Furthermore, while it was true that Asian Americans such as Chinese and Japanese had significantly higher levels of schools than non-Hispanic whites, their median incomes in the long run were no higher because the returns that should have come to them due to their higher levels of schooling were lower than the whites. According to the Human capital theory, the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience comprises human capital, hence the greater the capital, the greater should be the wages. Where Asian Americans are concerned however, this does not appear to hold good, since they receive lower wages in general despite higher education. The model minority thesis has also been criticized on the grounds that it does not take into consideration the fact that most Asian Americans live in cities where wages in general are higher, as are also expenses. Comparing

HR project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

HR project - Essay Example St. Lukes Medical Center (SLMC) is located in the Philippines and has provided high-quality healthcare for over a century. Founded in 1903, its mission is to provide outstanding out-patient care. Today it is the foremost and most admired hospital in the Philippines and an acknowledged leader in Asia. (SLMC About Us 2009 par. 1) To deliver excellent healthcare through caring and highly competent professionals, utilizing world-class technology and research. This we shall do in the most financially viable way without losing sight of our primary purpose - to be of service to God and mankind. As defined, a mission statement is a â€Å"written declaration of a firms core purpose and focus which normally remain unchanged. Properly crafted mission statements (1) serve as filters to separate what is important from what is not, (2) clearly state which markets will be served and how, and (3) communicate a sense of intended direction to the entire organization.† (Business Dictionary 2009). Using the definition, the abovementioned mission statement only mentioned the organization’s core purpose and focus which is very general in nature. Although it clearly identified what the organization considers of primary importance (delivery of excellent health care), there was no mention of target markets that the organization purports to serve and how. However, the third element, communicate a sense of direction, was also clearly emphasized by stating that â€Å"this we shall do in the most financially viable way without losing sight† of its primary purpose which is to be of service to God and mankind. Overall, I think this mission statement clearly identifies what the organization wants to accomplish which will remain unchanged for the span of its business life. But since there was no mention of its market, it can still be improved by including â€Å"to deliver excellent healthcare to individuals with various health dilemmas in all age brackets through

Ruth Benedict Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ruth Benedict - Scholarship Essay Example Please do these questions on that pamphet: World War Two has taught Americans that no matter how different we all are, we all basically live in one world, no matter how big it is, or how different we all look. It has also taught us that though we come from different races, we are all the same. We are all human beings. We all have our differences but there is nothing which is irreconcilable. The key is unity and understanding compromise. We must all learn to live together or perish together, if we will not be able to learn to put up with our differences. Man must believe in his good nature that a certain kind of world understanding would be reached, that he has his virtues and is capable of putting them into practice. Science has taught us of the unity of the human race and that we are all the same. Our superficial physical differences are just a by-product of the region where each group of people lived. Just like what is stated in the text "the world's small population was dispersed into different places and they slowly developed physical differences". This fact has changed in a way that it has been made stronger. More nations are now united. Technology has paved the way for this. Now, the world seems to be geared into acquiring a universal language in the form of the English language. Aside from the bible truth that we were all born of Adam and Eve, science also proves that all human beings are all the same. The differences are just all superficial. The anatomy of the human body just basically proves that we all just have one makeup. We have the same number of bones, the same set of organs, eyes, ears, teeth, etc. One could break down every living cell in our body, everything would point out, and taxonomy affirms that the human race is just one big family. Our bodies are undeniable proofs of the brotherhood of men. 4. List all the typical features that are usually associated with racial differences. (173ff.) According to Benedict:The Negro has dark skin while the white men's skin is considered too sallow. The shape of the head is also a racial trait. People's hair is often the same over great areas: frizzy hair, lank hair, wavy hair. Europeans remained quite hairy, but in some parts of the world body hair almost disappeared. Blue eyes appeared in the north. In some places in Asia, a fold of skin developed over the inner corner of the eye and produced what we call a slant eye. Some noses were too flat or too pointed. The body structures are also different. 5. What did Europeans do with these differences (172/3) Do people still do that today In a way, these differences prompted men, not only the Europeans to discriminate. Appearances were used to set standards and eventually judge people not for who they are, for their abilities and the worth of their existence but on how they look. The Europeans categorized people into many different races. Each race was described according to skin color, kind of hair, kind of lips, height, and head shape. People still discriminate. Some are quite blatant while some do it covertly. The point is people could look different or could be different but that

Psychiatric Nursing Reflective journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychiatric Nursing Reflective journals - Essay Example To my queries, she had just stared at me as if she was scared but today she called me up. Seizing the opportunity, I moved up. Nervously pulling me to her side and looking around to ensure that nobody was within hearing distance, she whispered in my ear. Her neighbor was plotting to kill her and her husband, it seemed. She had heard noises from her backyard which sounded like gunshots when she had been in the kitchen at home. Her movements appeared jerky and speech was not incoherent but appeared monotonous. Realizing that her suspicious and guarded nature was characteristic of her condition, paranoid schizophrenia, I pretended to be a good listener to gain her confidence. She claimed that the neighbor of around her age was attracted to her and was eyeing her sexually. Several times he had approached her for sexual favors. She had told her husband about this but he did not believe her. At times the neighbor had thrown stones at her house when she was alone and had rung the doorbell s everal times. Each time she went to the door, there would be no one. Saying all of this at one go, she quickly pushed me aside when she noticed the nursing supervisor arriving. When the supervisor had left, Mrs. Jones again strode up to me and caught my attention. She told me that her husband was a good man but he did not believe her stories and told me to keep what she told a secret. Half an hour later, Mrs. Jones did not appear to want to talk with me. When I smiled at her, she seemed to have no recognition. I was a little taken back by the stony look on her face. Her husband had told me that she was a receptionist in a hotel and very much appreciated by the others and customers. Believing that she was then well, she had stopped her treatment. He had not noticed the medicines not being taken. This had triggered this episode. She had also not kept her appointments with the psychotherapist. Anyone would have

(Outline)Ban Driving of Gasoline Powered Vechicles in United States Essay

(Outline)Ban Driving of Gasoline Powered Vechicles in United States - Essay Example gasoline powered vehicles in the unites sates because it has many environmental hazards, high cost burden middle class citizens, and hinders the advancement of alternative fuel research. Today, more than ever before, terms such as global warming, environmental friendly and climate change have become common in conversations. For many years, gasoline powered cars have had negative impacts on the environment and health (Hunderson, 2008). Convectional gasoline powered cars have internal combustion engines that release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the increased rate of climate change and global warming. Nitrogenous oxides, when released into the atmosphere travel to long distances and smog on the Ozone layer, is created, in turn (Hunderson, 2008). Because of the high gasoline prices, many middle class motorists are struggling to make ends meet and fuel their cars, at the same time. Some have even given up the cars for scooters and bicycles. In the United States, the average price for a gallon of gas costs $3.59, this is very high compared to $3.19 at the same time last year (McKinney, 2011). The prices of gasoline are rising and will continue rising until people seek alternative powering systems for their vehicles. The United States accounts for more than 40 percent of the consumption of gas in the world. Americans are said to own more cars in a given household and drive longer distances this leads to increased dependency on the fossil fuels and requires additional financial resources to finance the mining, purchase and refining of the fuels (McKinney, 2011). The dependency of the United States on fossil fuels hinders research on other alternative methods of powering cars. Most of the American citizens have not felt the tremendous effects of using fossil powered cars (Motavalli, 2012). They continue using the fuel and are not interested to research on other methods that may rid the country

Psychiatric Nursing Reflective journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychiatric Nursing Reflective journals - Essay Example To my queries, she had just stared at me as if she was scared but today she called me up. Seizing the opportunity, I moved up. Nervously pulling me to her side and looking around to ensure that nobody was within hearing distance, she whispered in my ear. Her neighbor was plotting to kill her and her husband, it seemed. She had heard noises from her backyard which sounded like gunshots when she had been in the kitchen at home. Her movements appeared jerky and speech was not incoherent but appeared monotonous. Realizing that her suspicious and guarded nature was characteristic of her condition, paranoid schizophrenia, I pretended to be a good listener to gain her confidence. She claimed that the neighbor of around her age was attracted to her and was eyeing her sexually. Several times he had approached her for sexual favors. She had told her husband about this but he did not believe her. At times the neighbor had thrown stones at her house when she was alone and had rung the doorbell s everal times. Each time she went to the door, there would be no one. Saying all of this at one go, she quickly pushed me aside when she noticed the nursing supervisor arriving. When the supervisor had left, Mrs. Jones again strode up to me and caught my attention. She told me that her husband was a good man but he did not believe her stories and told me to keep what she told a secret. Half an hour later, Mrs. Jones did not appear to want to talk with me. When I smiled at her, she seemed to have no recognition. I was a little taken back by the stony look on her face. Her husband had told me that she was a receptionist in a hotel and very much appreciated by the others and customers. Believing that she was then well, she had stopped her treatment. He had not noticed the medicines not being taken. This had triggered this episode. She had also not kept her appointments with the psychotherapist. Anyone would have

Things i dont like Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Things i dont like - Essay Example The dislike of presenting, as far as I can tell from my particular perspective, is rooted in a fear of public speaking. Since this issue is commonly discussed in school, I had expected it to be well covered in literature. This was a correct assumption, but an initial glance at the research and theories of this condition presented a bit of a shock. For some reason, I hadnt considered that the problem might be linked to an anxiety disorder. To make it clear, I was well aware that I felt extremely anxious about presentations, but I did not ever think of it as a health concern. However, it does cause me distress and sometimes impedes my regular life, so an official assessment might tell a different story. This revelation strengthened my resolve, and gave meaning to the new goal of reducing my anxiety in public speaking situations. The next logical step in the process was to determine the factors that underlie the anxious response. A 2010 study (Nelson 282) suggests that biased processing in the brain is associated with anxiety disorders. Their study found that someone with public speaking anxiety is more likely to overestimate the risk of negative social interactions in both frequency and impact. This makes sense from an outside perspective, but I still feel stubborn to admit any exaggeration on my part. This is the kind of information I will need to become more open to, so that I may benefit in the future. Public speaking and presentations are a part of life for students, and so I can only make it easier on myself by letting my guard down and addressing these potential biases in my own cognitive processing. This assignment was to address multiple objects of distain in my life, and it turns out that public speaking anxiety is the perfect segue to the second item I had intended to address . I hate embarrassing situations. In fact, I now understand that the fear of being publically embarrassed is probably the root

The Cycle of Nursing Theory Essay Example for Free

The Cycle of Nursing Theory Essay Nursing cannot exist without theory, and the concepts that define those principles. Every intervention a nurse organizes is based off of theory, and revolves directly around the patient. The current practice used as a Registered Nurse in the emergency room setting is similar, but less complicated than that of an Advanced Practice Nurse Practitioner. Emergency room nurses firstly ask the patient what their chief complaint is upon arrival. The chief complaint labels the patient, and gives them a triage level based on the amount of resources needed to intervene. The chief complaint (or illness) is the nurse’s focus of his/her practice. The nurse also takes into consideration the need to educate the patient and his or her own readiness to learn. All of these factors help reach the goal of making the patient â€Å"feel† better and regain health. Below is a model of how nurses in the emergency room revolve directly around the patient. Figure 1.1: Emergency Room Registered Nurse Conceptual Framework Making the decision to use this framework of nursing and theory helps organize the nurse and prioritize his/her actions. Without knowing the chief complaint, the nurse cannot treat. Furthermore, the nurse must ask the patient the reasoning for his visit in the emergency room today. Often, patients have many symptoms regarding their illness; nurses must prioritize which symptoms are most concerning, and ask the patient what his bothering him/her the most (i.e. headache versus shortness of breath). After learning what the patient has arr ived for, the nurse must start gathering data that relates to the patient’s chief complaint. For example, if the patient presents with shortness of breath, it is important to gather data such as: oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and effort, lung auscultation, presence of cough, and observing patient color. In addition to objective data, it is important to gather subjective data. This type of data includes: patient  symptoms, health history, and social history (such as smoking). Next, the nurse will implement her plan of care and intervene by: providing supplemental oxygen, if needed, elevate head of bed, and encourage the patient to breathe slowly if breathing appears to be labored or fast. After each intervention, the nurse must reassess the patient to see if his/her interventions worked; if not, the plan of care must be changed to improve patient status. Subsequently, the nurse must take into account the need to educate the patient and his/her ability and readiness to learn. If a patient is not ready to learn, it makes it difficult to for the nurse to teach and help reach the overall goal of restoring health. This cycle continues each time the patient gets ill; the nurse always forms her plan of care around the patient. For example, if a patient is mentally handicapped, the nurse might direct her education towards the patient’s caregiver to ensure the patient has the greatest success of reaching health. This conceptual framework is applicable to emergency room nurses’ practice because it is a constant cycle, organized, direct, and patient-focused. In the emergency room setting, it is vital that nurses are able to prioritize and organize symptoms and data. If a nurse forgets to obtain an oxygen saturation (in the data section), this can be life-threatening to the shortness of breath patient! Furthermore, nursing interventions are always tailored around the initial chief complaint and data gathered. It is a cycle that starts over each time a patient presents with an illness. Even though this framework is frequently utilized, there are many areas in which it could improve. What about a patient’s environment, social stability, and body’s response to the illness? In addition, there are no interrelationships noted on this model. There are many ways this framework could improve, be more in depth, and help reach goals by learning about other nursing theories and theorists. Nursing theorist Myra Estrin Levine goes into great depth on the relationships between nurse and patient, and the holistic view on healthcare. Levine had many roles as a nurse and was well educated; additionally, her views on nursing are broad and theoretical. Levine defined â€Å"three major concepts of the Conservation Model,† including: â€Å"(1) wholeness, (2) adaptation, and (3) con servation† (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 227). The current model shown in Figure 1.1 does not take into account the patient as a whole; it only takes into account particular parts  of the patient and current complaints/ailments. The current theory used by emergency room nurses (as explained above) could be greatly improved by understanding Levine’s major concepts, and how much environment alone can influence patients. This portion of the metaparadigm is defined as an â€Å"organismic response;† something nurses learn in anatomy and physiology classes, but often is forgotten when they begin practicing (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 228). This type of response is our autonomic nervous system telling the body to have a â€Å"fight or flight† response. This fight or flight response to stress, illnesses, and a patient’s consciousness of what is happening around him/her can induce this response. Fight or flight can increase or decrease one’s heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety, and/or stress. This response is different in all persons, and can vary greatly depending on a person’s previous experiences and if they feel a â€Å"threat actually exists† (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 228). Other than the holistic approach to healthcare, Levine understood the importance of a nurse and patient relationship. Whether or not nurses and patients realize it, they are constantly util izing Levine’s conservation models. When taking care of several patients, nurses need to conserve on energy so that they do not get tired quickly. Often, things such as IV trays or kits are used to make it easier for nurses to conserve on energy (walk less) and complete tasks efficiently. In addition, when patients are sick, they must conserve on energy and rest so that the human body can fight off an illness. Conservations like this and of many different types are needed for both the nurse and patient. The conservation of structural integrity and personal integrity are utilized within each nurse and patient interaction. When a patient has a massive head trauma, for example, the nurse must keep his/her own personal integrity to protect the patient from increasing his/her own anxiety/stress; which would utilize more energy in the patient and decrease the body’s ability to heal. The nurse might be overcome with feelings when seeing a large amount of blood, but realizes that he/she must be well-informed of his/her non-verbal cues towards the patient. Personal integrity also includes the nurse putting importance on patient requests such as: do not resuscitate, HIPPA compliance, patient privacy, and educating the patient on procedures and interventions that are being done. With the head trauma patient, the nurse can maintain structural integrity by  holding pressure on the wound to prevent further blood loss. This type of nursing intervention can be life-saving, and prevent the patient from further deterioration. Conservation of energy, structural integrity, and personal integrity are crucial in all nursing interactions. Furthermore, it is the nurse’s responsibility to take into account and conserve social integrity as well. Society thrives on social well-being; additionally, Levine concluded that â€Å"health is socially determined† (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 229). When the nurse educates the patient in a fashion that makes the patient regain independence, this makes the patient increase personal integrity and become socially accepted in that he/she is regaining health. In society, people tend to define others by their illnesses. Whether it is cancer, obesity, limb amputation, or pregnancy, society will judge a person based on those health issues; moreover, the person will then be socially accepted or rejected. Part of the profession of a nurse is to help guide a patient’s family members and friends on how to perceive and react to that patient and his/her illness (youtube.com, 2011). Furthermore, it is important that the nurse improves a patient’s social integrity while in the hospital setting by proving social media and communication tools such as: magazines, television, newspapers, or telephone (University of the Philippines Open University [UPOU], 2011). This can help improve a patient’s self-estee m, and decrease the stress illnesses can create. Understanding the nurse-patient relationship and conservation models helps the nurse and patient succeed in regaining health within a patient. Simple models such as Figure 1.1 do not include the personal feelings of a patient or nurse, and how that can affect the overall result of a patient’s health/illness. Figure 1.2: Primary care nursing that utilizes Levine’s concepts of Conservation Model (Alligood and Tomey, 2010, p. 227) Levine’s conservation model explains what the primary care nurse has to take into account when assessing a patient (Fig 1.2). The nurse must base her care and decisions on the patient and his/her family. Figure 1.2 also helps explain the connection of a model to nursing metaparadigm; the well-being, person as a whole, education, and nursing aspects. In addition, seeing the  patient as a â€Å"whole† helps the primary care nurse remember to look at the patient’s overall health. This comprehensive assessment includes: clinical problems (body), psychological aspects (mind), and spiritual beliefs that may affect the plan of care. The interrelationships between wholeness, adaptation, and environment helps primary care nurses understand the bigger picture and how the advanced practice nurse can increase the outcome for the patient. â€Å"Adaptation† describes the patient’s variables that can affect the patient as a whole, or be affected by his/her envir onment. For example, a patient may increase in age, quit smoking, or increase in weight; these variables and/or variations in a patient can greatly change the patient and/or treatments and interventions. A patient’s environment must be understood â€Å"both internally and externally† by the medical team (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 227). Again, this deals with the patient as a whole and is comparable to adaptation and a holistic plan of care. Knowing the environment that the patient resides in can affect his or her own health. If the patient doesn’t understand the notion that he/she is terminally ill, it may be difficult to explain the importance of a hospice program to the patient. Figure 1.3: Levine’s â€Å"Conservation Principles† and their interrelationships within a nurse and client connection (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 229). Levine also understood the nurse-patient relationship and how that can affect many areas within the ill-or-well patient. In this relationship, it is learned that nurses and patients often want to keep their integrity during any interaction. For example, a patient’s mother named Sarah brings her three-year-old daughter Claire in to the emergency room because Claire had a seizure at home. The patient is no longer having a seizure, and has been diagnosed with seizures over 1 year ago. Claire has a prescription for anti-seizure medicine, but her mother does not feel comfortable administering the medication; instead, Sarah brings Claire directly to the emergency room with each seizure occurrence. Now, Sarah is attempting to keep her own integrity by not having to administer anti-seizure medications in her daughter’s rectum in such a high stress situation. In addition, she wants Claire’s condition to be controlled in order for her to be accepted within the community. O n the other hand, the primary care nurse  practitioner must keep her personal integrity by not getting upset each time this patient visits the emergency room. It is the professional’s responsibility to re-educate Sarah on the plan of care, or tailor it towards the individual and family. This would be an opportune time to discuss other options for anti-seizure medicines, education on how to administer the current medication available, and give a referral to a neurologist. When tailoring the plan of care, Levine’s four conservations come into effect (Fig 1.3). The patient’s energy is utilized with each seizure activity, and possibly structural integrity—due to depletion of oxygenation to the brain and possible neuro deficits. The nurse tries to preserve personal integrity and educate the family of Claire in a way that is skilled and direct so that they may understand the concepts and accept the plan of care. Nursing interventions and education in situatio ns like this can be life-changing, and decrease stress for the patient’s family. It is important to remember that there are always assumptions made to any nursing model, but learning from that model is what is truly essential. Assumptions made to Levine’s conservation theory are that nursing interventions and implementation of those interventions can affect both the ill and/or well patient. Patients do not need to be ill in order to fit within the guidelines of conservation. Most patients feel compelled to be accepted, while maintaining personal authenticity (Fawcett, Schaefer, Moore, 1991). Moreover, the â€Å"environment† section of the model in Figure 1.2 can be falsely understood; that patients might only be able to learn in stress-free situations. Sometimes, stressful situation are where patients, families, and nurses learn best! Lastly, it appears that all human beings act in the same manner, and that patients and nurses alike utilize the same processes (UPOU, 2011). This cannot be true because all patients are diverse, and so are all nurses and primary care professionals. â€Å"Nursing intervention must be founded not only on scientific knowledge, but specifically on recognition of t he individual’s behavioral responses† (Cardwell, 2013). The response to nursing interventions and the â€Å"trial and error† processes are absent in the model (explained in Figure 1.2) of advanced practice nursing based on Levine’s theories. Advanced practice nurses are constantly intervening to improve the health and wellness of a patient; however, those interventions are not always successful. Furthermore, the advanced nurse practitioner  must modify her plan of care constantly. This type of framework of nursing is more of a cycle than a process. Holistic nursing is dedicated to the humanizing experience that the nurse can bring to the bedside, certain in her knowledge and skilled in her techniques, but sensitive and responsive to the person she finds there(Cardwell, 2013). In this phrase, Levine is summarizing the approach and goal of the advanced practice nurse practitioner. Advancing from the role of a registered nurse, primary care nurse practitioners increase their competence, knowledge, and skills. This increase in knowledge helps nurse practitioners in decision making, treatment options, and educating the patient. The primary function of the nurse practitioner is to educate patients across the lifespan, and help patients maintain health. Prevention is the best intervention. Since nurse practitioners begin their careers as bedside registered nurses, advanced nurse practitioners agree with Levine’s â€Å"holistic approach to healthcare† and healing (Fawcett, Schaefer, Moore, 1991). In conclusion, primary care nurse practitioners can benefit from viewing the patient as a whole, while spending a large amount of time listening and educating the patient. No two patients, medical cases, or plan of care can be exactly the same. Nurse practitioners thrive because they spend time with their patients and getting to know their needs; this helps i ncrease patient success and healing. Nursing theory and the interrelationships between a patient’s conservation of energy, social integrity, structural integrity, and personal integrity are essential to the nurse practitioner. The increase of knowledge in the nurse practitioner helps him/her understand all aspects of the patient, and the most efficient way of approaching those patient needs. Levine once stated, â€Å"Confront reality of environment, and maintain well-being† (youtube.com, 2011) It is the purpose of a nurse practitioner to challenge the internal and external factors and environments distressing a patient, while providing resources and education to increase that patient’s health. The cycle and theories between nurses and patients will continue to transform and be challenged; it is the nurse practitioner’s role to put those theories into practice. References Alligood, M. R., Tomey, A. M. (2010). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (7th ed.). Retrieved from Cardwell, S. (2013). Copy of Myra Levine. Retrieved from http://prezi.com/uths961c5swr/copy-of-myra-levine/ Fawcett, J., Schaefer, Moore, K. (1991). Levine’s conservation model: a framework for nursing practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. University of the Philippines Open University. (2011). Nursing Theories. Retrieved from http://nursingtheories.blogspot.com/2011_07_01_archive.html You Tube. (2011). The Nurse Theorists Myra Levine Promo. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8tJUjDDKKw